THE ROLE OF SOCIO-HISTORICAL CONTEXT AND BIOGRAPHICAL FACTORS IN SHAPING THE WORKS OF JACK LONDON

Abstract

This article examines the influence of socio-historical context and the author’s biography on the formation of Jack London’s literary works. The study focuses on how the social, economic, and environmental conditions of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly the Klondike Gold Rush and the period of industrialization in America, shaped the themes and narrative style of the author. A qualitative, literature-based research design is employed, relying on the analysis of scholarly sources and key literary texts such as The Call of the Wild and White Fang. The findings reveal that London’s personal experiences, especially his exposure to extreme natural conditions and social inequality, played a decisive role in the development of central themes such as survival, instinct, and the conflict between nature and civilization. The study also highlights the role of naturalism as a dominant literary framework that reflects the deterministic relationship between human behavior and external forces. The results demonstrate that both socio-historical factors and biographical elements are essential in understanding the depth and meaning of Jack London’s works. This research contributes to literary studies by providing an integrated perspective that combines historical context and authorial experience, and it offers a theoretical foundation for further interdisciplinary research in this field.