EFFECTS OF A CHITOSAN–WHEY POWDER COMBINATION ON HEPATIC GLYCOGEN CONTENT AND LIPID METABOLISM INDICATORS IN BROILER CHICKENS
Keywords:
chitosan, whey powder, broiler chicken, liver glycogen, lipid metabolism, cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, HDL, malondialdehyde, AMPK, PI3K/AktAbstract
This article presents a biochemical assessment of the effects of a feed composition containing chitosan and whey powder on hepatic glycogen reserves and serum lipid metabolism in broiler chickens. The control group, chitosan group, whey powder group, and combined supplementation group were compared under the same management conditions. The combined additive increased liver glycogen concentration, reduced total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoproteins, and increased the proportion of high-density lipoproteins. In parallel, the decline in malondialdehyde indicated attenuation of oxidative stress. These findings suggest that the chitosan–whey combination acts as a promising bioactive composition capable of normalizing carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, improving hepatic energy reserves, and optimizing the overall metabolic status of broilers.
References
1. Tzeng H. P., Tsai C. H., Chen Y. H. Antidiabetic properties of chitosan and its derivatives // Marine Drugs. – 2022. – Vol. 20, №. 12. – С. 784.
2. Zhang W., Björck I., Nilsson M. Whey protein and glycemia: mechanisms and applications // Journal of Dairy Science. – 2012. – Vol. 95, №. 7. – P. 3551–3560.
3. O’Neill H. M. AMPK and exercise: glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity // Diabetes & Metabolism Journal. – 2013. – Vol. 37, №. 1. – P. 1–21.
4. Laura C. B., Maria P. G., Pablo C. Anti-obesity effects of chitosan and its derivatives // Marine Drugs. – 2019. – Vol. 17, №. 9. – С. 502.
5. Swelum A. A., Saadeldin I. M., Ba-Awadh H. et al. Impacts of supplementing growing rabbit diets with whey powder and citric acid on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and gut health // Animal Science Journal. – 2018. – Vol. 89, №. 9. – P. 1178–1188.
6. Madureira A. R., Tavares T., Gomes A. M. P. et al. Invited review: physiological properties of bioactive peptides obtained from whey proteins // Journal of Dairy Science. – 2010. – Vol. 93, №. 2. – P. 437–455.
7. Sutanto C. N., Liew K. P., Jalil A. M. M. Whey protein and its potential benefits on cardiometabolic health risks // Food Science & Nutrition. – 2021. – Vol. 9, №. 9. – P. 4749–4765.
8. Huyghebaert G., Ducatelle R., Van Immerseel F. An update on alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters for broilers // Veterinary Journal. – 2011. – Vol. 187, №. 2. – P. 182–188.
9. Rusu D., Drouin R., Pouliot Y. et al. A bovine whey protein extract can enhance innate immunity by priming normal human blood neutrophils // Journal of Nutrition. – 2009. – Vol. 139, №. 2. – P. 386–393.
10. Esterbauer H., Cheeseman K. H. Determination of aldehydic lipid peroxidation products: malonaldehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal // Methods in Enzymology. – 1990. – Vol. 186. – P. 407–421.
11. Abdel-Wareth A. A. A., Kehraus S., Hippenstiel F. Effects of thyme and oregano on growth performance and oxidative status in broilers // Poultry Science. – 2012. – Vol. 91, №. 9. – P. 2323–2330.
12. AOAC International. Official Methods of Analysis. – 21st ed. – Gaithersburg: AOAC International, 2019.
13. Burtis C. A., Bruns D. E. Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics. – 8th ed. – St. Louis: Elsevier, 2019.
14. Abd El-Ghany W. A. Chitosan: a promising natural polysaccharide feed additive in poultry production systems // Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research. – 2023. – Vol. 24, №. 4. – P. 301–312.
15. Rakhmonov F., Eshimov D., Islomov K., Ubaydullaeva G., Hayitova B. The effect of chitosan and whey powder on the weight of broiler chickens // BIO Web of Conferences. – 2024. – Vol. 95. – С. 01025.
16. Raxmonov F. X., Eshimov D., Nuriddinova M. I. Effect of chitosan and whey powder on the productivity of broiler chickens // The American Journal of Interdisciplinary Innovations and Research. – 2025. – Vol. 7, No. 6. – P. 10–12.
17. Rakhmonov F. K. Evaluation of mineral metabolism in broiler chicks fed chitosan and whey powder // European Science Methodical Journal. – 2025. – Vol. 3, №. 10. – P. 24–27.
18. Rakhmonov F. K., Qodirova N. E., Eshburiyeva N. R. The role of chitosan and whey powder in calcium, magnesium and phosphorus metabolism and their effect on bone tissue metabolism in broiler chicks // Eurasian Research Bulletin. – 2026. – Vol. 51. – P. 9–12.
19. Fomichev Yu. P. Sorption-detoxification technologies in animal husbandry and veterinary medicine // Agrarnaya Rossiya. – 2004. – №. 5. – P. 3–7.
20. Tabakov N. A., Ryabinina L. A. The use of nontraditional sources as biologically active feed additives // Kormlenie selskokhozyaystvennykh zhivotnykh i kormoproizvodstvo. – 2010. – №. 5. – P. 12–13.
21. Poznyakovskiy V. M., Ryazanova O. A., Motovilov K. Ya. Ekspertiza myasa ptitsy, yaits i produktov ikh pererabotki. Kachestvo i bezopasnost. – Novosibirsk: Siberian University Press, 2005. – 216 p.
22. Aleksandrov V. A., Taufik O. A., Hamadi S. M. Use of dry whey in compound feeds for broiler chickens // Biological Bases and Technological Methods of Poultry Intensification. – Moscow, 1989. – P. 34–39.
23. Kholbayevich R. F., Dsumurod E., Iskanderovich I. K. et al. Explanation on the physiological and biochemical indicators of broiler chicks fed with chitosan and whey powder // Academia Repository. – 2024. – Vol. 5, №. 2. – P. 184–187.
24. Al-Marzooqi W., El-Zaiat H. M., El Tahir Y. et al. Influence of chitosan dietary supplement on growth performance, blood indices and meat quality in chickens // German Journal of Veterinary Research. – 2024. – Vol. 4, №. 3. – P. 49–60.
