THE ROLE OF CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW IN INTERNATIONAL TOURISM LAW
Keywords:
Customary International Law, International Tourism Law, Human Rights, Environmental Sustainability, Consumer Rights, Regulatory Frameworks, Cross-Border Liability, State Responsibility.Abstract
This article examines the role of Customary International Law (CIL) in shaping international tourism law, emphasizing the need for robust regulatory frameworks amid the sector's rapid growth. It highlights tourism law's key elements, such as human rights, environmental protection, and consumer rights, while addressing the fragmented nature of existing regulations. The study explores how CIL, through state practice and opinio juris, fills gaps in treaty law and indirectly influences tourism by addressing broader issues like state responsibility and environmental sustainability. Case studies illustrate CIL’s application to human rights and environmental damage in tourism.References
1. Amnesty International. “Tunisia: Bardo Museum Attack.” Amnesty International, 2015. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/03/tunisia-bardo-museum-attack/ accessed 25 October 2024.
2. Crawford, James. Brownlie’s Principles of Public International Law. 9th edn. Oxford University Press, 2019.
3. Collins, Hugh. “Utility and Rights in Common Law Reasoning.” In The Oxford Handbook of Legal Studies, edited by Peter Cane and Mark Tushnet, Oxford University Press, 2003.
4. Dinah Shelton. Advanced Introduction to International Human Rights Law. 2nd edn. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2020.
5. European Commission. “Consumer Protection in the EU.” European Commission, 2018. https://ec.europa.eu/info/policies/consumers/consumer-protection_en accessed 25 October 2024.
6. European Union. “Directive (EU) 2015/2302 on Package Travel and Linked Travel Arrangements.” EU, 2015.
7. Hugh Collins. “Utility and Rights in Common Law Reasoning.” In The Oxford Handbook of Legal Studies, edited by Peter Cane and Mark Tushnet, Oxford University Press, 2003.
8. Human Rights Watch. “Egypt: Security Forces Abuses.” Human Rights Watch, 2011.
https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/02/01/egypt-security-forces-abuses accessed 25 October 2024. 9. Human Rights Watch. “Hotel Fire in Mexico.” Human Rights Watch, 2016. https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/01/15/hotel-fire-mexico accessed 25 October 2024.
10. IPCC. Climate Change and Tourism.
11. Malcolm N. Shaw. International Law. 8th edn. Cambridge University Press, 2017.
12. Philippe Sands. Principles of International Environmental Law. 3rd edn. Cambridge University Press, 2012.
13. UNESCO. “Cultural Heritage and Tourism.”
14. UNESCO. “Great Barrier Reef.” UNESCO, 2020. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/154 accessed 25 October 2024.
15. UNESCO. “Maldives and Climate Change.” UNWTO, 2021. https://www.unwto.org/climatechange/maldives accessed 25 October 2024.
16. United Nations. “Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.” United Nations, 2015. https://sdgs.un.org/2030agenda accessed 25 October 2024.
17. United Nations. “Westgate Mall Attack in Nairobi.” United Nations, 2013.
